edu.ucar.opensky::articles:22445 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T15:39:25.101519 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7cn76zs Global meridional overturning circulation inferred from a data-constrained ocean & sea-ice model 2019-02-16T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7cn76zs https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080940 Lee, S. author Lumpkin, R. author Baringer, M. O. author Meinen, C. S. author Goes, M. author Dong, S. author Lopez, H. author Yeager, Stephen author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Our current understanding of the global meridional overturning circulation (GMOC) is revisited using a surface-forced ocean model simulation constrained by global hydrographic data. The derived GMOC is qualitatively consistent with previous observation-based studies and further provides enhanced spatial details in the sources, transformations, and transports of major global water masses including in poorly observed regions. Several important but relatively underexplored aspects of the GMOC are highlighted, including complex but vigorous heavy-to-light water mass transformation that occurs in the Indo-Pacific and Southern Oceans, and the role of the equatorial Pacific upwelling in closing the GMOC circuit. These and other key aspects of the GMOC are poorly captured in a surface-forced ocean model simulation without the temperature and salinity corrections, suggesting that current climate models do not realistically simulate the GMOC and the associated global heat, salt, and carbon balances. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2019 American Geophysical Union. None eng geoscientificInformation