edu.ucar.opensky::articles:19781 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-26T02:30:29.751992 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d78c9z5n Tornado vortex structure, intensity, and surface wind gusts in large-eddy simulations with fully developed turbulence 2017-05-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d78c9z5n https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0258.1 Nolan, D. S. author Dahl, N. A. author Bryan, George H. author Rotunno, Richard author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher A large-eddy simulation (LES) framework with an "eddy injection'' technique has been developed that ensures a majority of turbulent kinetic energy in numerically simulated tornado-like vortices is represented by resolved eddies. This framework is used to explore the relationships between environmental forcing mechanisms, surface boundary conditions, and tornado vortex structure, intensity, and wind gusts. Similar to previous LES studies, results show that the maximum time-and azimuthal-mean tangential winds {V}(max) can be well in excess of the "thermodynamic speed limit,'' which is 66ms(-1) for most of the simulations. Specifically, fVgmax exceeds this speed by values ranging from 21% for a large, high-swirl vortex to 59% for a small, low-swirl vortex. Budgets of mean and eddy angular and radial momentum are used to show that resolved eddies in the tornado core act to reduce the wind speed at the location of fVgmax, although they do transport angular momentum downward into the lowest levels of the boundary layer, increasing lowlevel swirl. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2017 American Meteorological Society (AMS). None eng geoscientificInformation