edu.ucar.opensky::articles:26843 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T18:59:48.268463 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d74j0k72 https://doi.org/10.25921/82ty-9e16 https Related Dataset #1 International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) Project, Version 4 Composite mesoscale environmental conditions influencing tornado frequencies in landfalling Tropical Cyclones 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d74j0k72 https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-22-0227.1 Trier, Stanley B. author Ahijevych, David author Carroll-Smith, Dereka author Bryan, George H. author Edwards, R. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Spatial patterns of tropical cyclone tornadoes (TCTs), and their relationship to patterns of mesoscale predictors within U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones (LTCs) are investigated using multicase composites from 27 years of re-analysis data (1995-2021). For 72 cases of LTCs with wide-ranging TC intensities at landfall, daytime TCT frequency max-ima are found in the northeast, right-front, and downshear-right quadrants when their composites are constructed in ground-relative, TC-heading relative, and environmental shear relative coordinates, respectively. TCT maxima are located near maxima of 10-m-700-hPa bulk wind difference (BWD), which are enhanced by the TC circulation. This proxy for bulk vertical shear in roughly the lowest 3 km is among the best predictors of maximum TCT frequency. Relative to other times, the position of maximum TCT frequency during the afternoon shifts -100 km outward from the LTC center toward larger MLCAPE values. Composites containing the strongest LTCs have the strongest maximum 10-m-700-hPa and 10-m-500-hPa BWDs (-20 m s21) with nearby maximum frequencies of TCTs. Corresponding composites containing weaker LTCs but still many TCTs, had bulk vertical shear values that were -20% smaller (-16 m s21). Additional compo-sites of cases having similarly weak average LTC strength at landfall, but few or no TCTs, had both maximum bulk vertical shears that were an additional -20% lower (-12 m s21) and smaller MLCAPE. TCT environments occurring well inland are distinguished from others by having stronger westerly shear and a west-east-oriented baroclinic zone (i.e., north-south temperature gradient) that enhances mesoscale ascent and deep convection on the LTC's east side. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2023 American Meteorological Society (AMS). None eng geoscientificInformation