edu.ucar.opensky::articles:23290 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T15:14:34.991929 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d73b63cz https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8 https Related Dataset #1 Sea Ice Index, Version 3 https://doi.org/10.5067/8GQ8LZQVL0VL https Related Dataset #2 Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, Version 1 SPEAR: The next generation GFDL modeling system for seasonal to multidecadal prediction and projection 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d73b63cz https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001895 Delworth, T. L. author Cooke, William F. author Adcroft, A. author Bushuk, Mitchell author Chen, Jan-Huey author Dunne, K. A. author Ginoux, P. author Gudgel, R. author Hallberg, R. W. author Harris, L. author Harrison, M. J. author Johnson, N. author Kapnick, S. B. author LIN, S. author Lu, F. author Malyshev, S. author Milly, P. C. author Murakami, Hiroyuki author Naik, V. author Pascale, S. author Paynter, D. author Rosati, Anthony author Schwarzkopf, M. author Shevliakova, E. author Underwood, S. author Wittenberg, A. T. author Xiang, B. author Yang, Xiaosong author Zeng, F. author Zhang, H. author Yang, Liping author Zhao, M. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher We document the development and simulation characteristics of the next generation modeling system for seasonal to decadal prediction and projection at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). SPEAR (Seamless System for Prediction and EArth System Research) is built from component models recently developed at GFDL-the AM4 atmosphere model, MOM6 ocean code, LM4 land model, and SIS2 sea ice model. The SPEAR models are specifically designed with attributes needed for a prediction model for seasonal to decadal time scales, including the ability to run large ensembles of simulations with available computational resources. For computational speed SPEAR uses a coarse ocean resolution of approximately 1.0 degrees (with tropical refinement). SPEAR can use differing atmospheric horizontal resolutions ranging from 1 degrees to 0.25 degrees. The higher atmospheric resolution facilitates improved simulation of regional climate and extremes. SPEAR is built from the same components as the GFDL CM4 and ESM4 models but with design choices geared toward seasonal to multidecadal physical climate prediction and projection. We document simulation characteristics for the time mean climate, aspects of internal variability, and the response to both idealized and realistic radiative forcing change. We describe in greater detail one focus of the model development process that was motivated by the importance of the Southern Ocean to the global climate system. We present sensitivity tests that document the influence of the Antarctic surface heat budget on Southern Ocean ventilation and deep global ocean circulation. These findings were also useful in the development processes for the GFDL CM4 and ESM4 models. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation