Identification

Title

Ozone production efficiencies in the three largest United State cities from airborne measurements

Abstract

<p><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">Despite ongoing reductions in emissions of ozone (O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">3</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">) precursors, nitrogen oxides (NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> = NO + NO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">2</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the three largest urban areas in the United States ─ New York City (NYC), Chicago, and Los Angeles (LA) ─ continue to exceed national air quality standards for O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">3</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">. Airborne measurements during the 2023 Atmospheric Emissions and Reactions Observed from Megacities to Marine Areas (AEROMMA) campaign investigated nonlinear O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">3</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> photochemistry in these cities. We report mean ozone production efficiency (OPE), the enhancement ratio of O</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> (= O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">3</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> + NO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">2</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">) to NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> oxidation products, of 9 ± 4 (1σ), 6 ± 3, and 6 ± 3 ppbv ppbv</span><sup style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;top:-0.5em;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">–1</sup><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> in NYC, Chicago, and LA, respectively. Compared to historical values, OPE has increased in NYC but remains constant in LA. We find that OPE during AEROMMA has a nonlinear, inverse relationship with total reactive nitrogen (NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">y</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">, a proxy for initial NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">) and a positive correlation with the nonmethane VOC to NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">y</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> enhancement ratio. A zero-dimensional photochemical model supports these observed OPE dependences on NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> and VOCs and shows that OPE is a distinct metric from total O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">3</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> production that is informative to the development of O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">3</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> pollution control strategies. We find that OPE values have higher variability, and a larger increase with NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> emissions reductions, in areas that experience NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">-sensitive rather than NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">-saturated O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">3</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> photochemistry; nonetheless, NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> reductions under NO</span><em><i style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:none;"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">x</sub></i></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">-sensitive conditions still reduce total O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);bottom:-0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(21, 21, 21);font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:0;orphans:2;outline:none;position:relative;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">3</sub><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(21, 21, 21);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> production despite the corresponding increase in OPE.</span></p>

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