edu.ucar.opensky::articles:43588 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T17:50:14.211158 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d76w9ghw https://doi.org/10.26023/BWTZ-XG5F-SA14 https Related Dataset #1 Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC) Data. Version 1.0 https://doi.org/10.26023/G9FD-6NXX-5Y0P https Related Dataset #2 SPICULE: SPEC Learjet 35 Flight Videos. Version 1.0 https://doi.org/10.26023/HAYW-8STD-KT00 https Related Dataset #3 SPICULE: CSU Ice Spectrometer (IS) Measurements. Version 1.0 https://doi.org/10.26023/NHSC-AC8Y-9W09 https Related Dataset #4 SPEC Learjet 35 Instrument Data. Version 2.0 https://doi.org/10.26023/SFPD-T4AD-7Y03 https Related Dataset #5 SPEC Learjet Hawkeye-CPI Cloud Particle Images. Version 1.0 https://doi.org/10.26023/SXJ1-0JC5-0Y0V https Related Dataset #6 SPICULE: Low Rate (LRT - 1 sps) Navigation, State Parameter, and Microphysics Flight-Level Data. Version 2.2 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14183195 https Related Journal #1 On the Role of Airborne Ice Nucleating Particles in Primary and Secondary Ice Formation Processes in Convective Midlatitude Clouds https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX https Related Service #1 Cheyenne: SGI ICE XA Cluster On the role of airborne ice nucleating particles in primary and secondary ice formation processes in convective midlatitude clouds 2025-05-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d76w9ghw https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-24-0135.1 Patnaude, Ryan. J. author Moore, K. A. author Perkins, R. J. author Hill, T. C. J. author Lawson, P. author Mo, Q. author Bailey, Adriana author van den Heever, S. C. author Saleeby, S. author Bian, Q. author Chiu, J. author DeMott, P. J. author Kreidenweis, S. M. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Formation of ice in mixed-phase clouds may proceed via primary nucleation and secondary ice production (SIP). Primary nucleation involves the presence of ice nucleating particles (INPs), while SIP follows primary nucleation, resulting in ice crystal number concentrations N ice exceeding the number of INPs. The ice formation pathways in young congestus clouds are not well understood nor are the environmental conditions favorable for the onset of SIP. Coincident airborne measurements of INPs and N ice collected during the Secondary Production of Ice in Cumulus Experiment (SPICULE) campaign over the U.S. central Great Plains are reported for young congestus clouds. Number concentrations of INPs and N ice at temperatures between &#8722;10&#176; and &#8722;20&#176;C were used to categorize whether SIP was active in each analyzed cloud pass. Observational data suggested that fragmentation of freezing droplets (FFDs) was occurring and the most likely SIP mechanism for ice enhancement during the early stages of the sampled clouds, where higher cloud-base temperatures and stronger updrafts produced conditions favorable for the onset of FFD. Simple model simulations of a congestus cloud were used to compare predictions of N ice from newly implemented SIP mechanisms (including FFD) alongside those from the existing Hallett&#8211;Mossop (HM) mechanism. Although predicted N ice , when all SIP mechanisms were active, was in good agreement with observations, the dominant SIP mechanism in the model was predicted to be HM. The rate of heterogeneous freezing in raindrops was likely inhibiting realistic FFD rates in the simulated cloud. These discrepancies between the observations and simulations underscore the need for extended laboratory studies to formulate improved model representations of SIP in convective clouds. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;" data-sheets-root="1">Copyright 2025 American Meteorological Society (AMS).</span> None eng geoscientificInformation