edu.ucar.opensky::articles:42700 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T17:58:41.481381 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7c251rd https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/eVolv2k_v2 https Related Dataset #1 Reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth, 500 BCE to 1900 CE, version 2 https://doi.org/10.25921/42GH-Z167 https Related Dataset #2 NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northern Hemisphere 1,500 Year Summer Temperature Reconstructions https://doi.org/10.25921/6MDT-5246 https Related Dataset #3 NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northern Hemisphere Extratropics 1400 Year MXD Summer Temperature Reconstruction https://doi.org/10.25921/9986-r929 https Related Dataset #4 NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northern Hemisphere 2,000 Year Tree-Ring Ensemble Temperature Reconstructions https://doi.org/10.25921/KZTR-JD59 https Related Dataset #5 NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northern Hemisphere 1250 Year N-TREND Summer Temperature Reconstructions Last-millennium volcanic forcing and climate response using SO 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7c251rd https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-161-2025 Marshall, L. author Schmidt, A. author Schurer, A. P. author Abraham, N. L. author Lücke, L. J. author Wilson, R. author Anchukaitis, K. J. author Hegerl, G. C. author Johnson, B. author Otto-Bliesner, Bette author Brady, Esther C. author Khodri, M. author Yoshida, K. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Climate variability in the last millennium (past 1000&nbsp;years) is dominated by the effects of large-magnitude volcanic eruptions; however, a long-standing mismatch exists between model-simulated and tree-ring-derived surface cooling. Accounting for the self-limiting effects of large sulfur dioxide (SO2) injections and the limitations in tree-ring records, such as lagged responses due to biological memory, reconciles some of the discrepancy, but uncertainties remain, particularly for the largest tropical eruptions. The representation of volcanic forcing in the latest generation of climate models has improved significantly, but most models prescribe the aerosol optical properties rather than using SO2 emissions directly and including interactions between the aerosol, chemistry, and dynamics. Here, we use the UK Earth System Model (UKESM) to simulate the climate of the last millennium (1250–1850 CE) using volcanic SO2 emissions. Averaged across all large-magnitude eruptions, we find similar Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer cooling compared with other last-millennium climate simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 4 (PMIP4), run with both SO2 emissions and prescribed forcing, and a continued overestimation of surface cooling compared with tree-ring reconstructions. However, for the largest-magnitude tropical eruptions in 1257 (Mt.&nbsp;Samalas) and 1815 (Mt.&nbsp;Tambora), some models, including UKESM1, suggest a smaller NH summer cooling that is in better agreement with tree-ring records. In UKESM1, we find that the simulated volcanic forcing differs considerably from the PMIP4 dataset used in models without interactive aerosol schemes, with marked differences in the hemispheric spread of the aerosol, resulting in lower forcing in the NH when SO2 emissions are used. Our results suggest that, for the largest tropical eruptions, the spatial distribution of aerosol can account for some of the discrepancies between model-simulated and tree-ring-derived cooling. Further work should therefore focus on better resolving the spatial distribution of aerosol forcing for past eruptions. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;" data-sheets-root="1">Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</span> None eng geoscientificInformation