edu.ucar.opensky::articles:21616 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T16:01:29.708902 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7g163kz Satellite sensor requirements for monitoring essential biodiversity variables of coastal ecosystems 2018-04-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7g163kz https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1682 Muller-Karger, F. E. author Hestir, E. author Ade, C. author Turpie, K. author Roberts, D. A. author Siegel, D. author Miller, R. J. author Humm, D. author Izenberg, N. author Keller, M. author Morgan, F. author Frouin, R. author Dekker, A. G. author Gardner, R. author Goodman, J. author Schaeffer, B. author Franz, B. A. author Pahlevan, N. author Mannino, A. G. author Concha, J. A. author Ackleson, S. G. author Cavanaugh, K. C. author Romanou, A. author Tzortziou, M. author Boss, E. S. author Pavlick, R. author Freeman, A. author Rousseaux, C. S. author Dunne, J. author Long, Matthew author Klein, E. author McKinley, G. A. author Goes, J. author Letelier, R. author Kavanaugh, M. author Roffer, M. author Bracher, A. author Arrigo, K. R. author Dierssen, H. author ZHANG, X. author Davis, F. W. author Best, B. author Guralnick, R. author Moisan, J. author Sosik, H. M. author Kudela, R. author Mouw, C. B. author Barnard, A. H. author Palacios, S. author Roesler, C. author Drakou, E. G. author Appeltans, W. author Jetz, W. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher The biodiversity and high productivity of coastal terrestrial and aquatic habitats are the foundation for important benefits to human societies around the world. These globally distributed habitats need frequent and broad systematic assessments, but field surveys only cover a small fraction of these areas. Satellite-based sensors can repeatedly record the visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra that contain the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence signatures of functional phytoplankton groups, colored dissolved matter, and particulate matter near the surface ocean, and of biologically structured habitats (floating and emergent vegetation, benthic habitats like coral, seagrass, and algae). These measures can be incorporated into Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs), including the distribution, abundance, and traits of groups of species populations, and used to evaluate habitat fragmentation. However, current and planned satellites are not designed to observe the EBVs that change rapidly with extreme tides, salinity, temperatures, storms, pollution, or physical habitat destruction over scales relevant to human activity. Making these observations requires a new generation of satellite sensors able to sample with these combined characteristics: (1) spatial resolution on the order of 30 to 100-m pixels or smaller; (2) spectral resolution on the order of 5nm in the visible and 10nm in the short-wave infrared spectrum (or at least two or more bands at 1,030, 1,240, 1,630, 2,125, and/or 2,260nm) for atmospheric correction and aquatic and vegetation assessments; (3) radiometric quality with signal to noise ratios (SNR) above 800 (relative to signal levels typical of the open ocean), 14-bit digitization, absolute radiometric calibration <2%, relative calibration of 0.2%, polarization sensitivity <1%, high radiometric stability and linearity, and operations designed to minimize sunglint; and (4) temporal resolution of hours to days. We refer to these combined specifications as H4 imaging. Enabling H4 imaging is vital for the conservation and management of global biodiversity and ecosystem services, including food provisioning and water security. An agile satellite in a 3-d repeat low-Earth orbit could sample 30-km swath images of several hundred coastal habitats daily. Nine H4 satellites would provide weekly coverage of global coastal zones. Such satellite constellations are now feasible and are used in various applications. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2018 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. None eng geoscientificInformation