edu.ucar.opensky::articles:27035 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T18:59:35.639962 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7rn3d0m https://doi.org/10.25584/DataHub/1769948 https Related Dataset #1 CMIP6 Emissions - No Seasonality https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4300499 https Related Software #1 ESMValTool https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4697481 https Related Software #2 E3SM-Project/e3sm_to_cmip: 1.6.1 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8374475 https Related Software #3 JGCRI/Emissions-MIP_Data: 2023_09_24-Release The Emissions Model Intercomparison Project (Emissions-MIP): Quantifying model sensitivity to emission characteristics 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7rn3d0m https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023 Ahsan, H. author Wang, H. author Wu, J. author Wu, M. author Smith, S. J. author Bauer, S. author Suchyta, H. author Olivié, D. author Myhre, G. author Matsui, H. author Bian, H. author Lamarque, Jean-François author Carslaw, K. author Horowitz, L. author Regayre, L. author Chin, M. author Schulz, M. author Skeie, R. B. author Takemura, T. author Naik, V. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and precursor compounds are known to significantly affect the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system, alter the formation of clouds and precipitation, and have a substantial impact on human health and the environment. Global models are an essential tool for examining the impacts of these emissions. In this study, we examine the sensitivity of model results to the assumed height of SO 2 injection, seasonality of SO 2 and black carbon (BC) particulate emissions, and the assumed fraction of SO 2 emissions that is injected into the atmosphere as particulate phase sulfate (SO 4 ) in 11 climate and chemistry models, including both chemical transport models and the atmospheric component of Earth system models. We find large variation in atmospheric lifetime across models for SO 2 , SO 4 , and BC, with a particularly large relative variation for SO 2 , which indicates that fundamental aspects of atmospheric sulfur chemistry remain uncertain. Of the perturbations examined in this study, the assumed height of SO 2 injection had the largest overall impacts, particularly on global mean net radiative flux (maximum difference of - 0.35 W m - 2 ), SO 2 lifetime over Northern Hemisphere land (maximum difference of 0.8 d), surface SO 2 concentration (up to 59 % decrease), and surface sulfate concentration (up to 23 % increase). Emitting SO 2 at height consistently increased SO 2 and SO 4 column burdens and shortwave cooling, with varying magnitudes, but had inconsistent effects across models on the sign of the change in implied cloud forcing. The assumed SO 4 emission fraction also had a significant impact on net radiative flux and surface sulfate concentration. Because these properties are not standardized across models this is a source of inter-model diversity typically neglected in model intercomparisons. These results imply a need to ensure that anthropogenic emission injection height and SO 4 emission fraction are accurately and consistently represented in global models. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation