edu.ucar.opensky::articles:24443 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T06:31:03.839708 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7m61pnz https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285968 https Related Software #1 joefinlon/UIOPS: Tweaks to handling of SPEC dead time Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean: An overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE, and SOCRATES 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7m61pnz https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1 McFarquhar, G. M. author Bretherton, C. S. author Marchand, R. author Protat, A. author DeMott, P. J. author Alexander, S. P. author Roberts, G. C. author Twohy, C. H. author Toohey, D. author Siems, S. author Huang, Y. author Wood, R. author Rauber, R. M. author Lasher-Trapp, S. author Jensen, Jørgen B. author Stith, Jeffrey Len author Mace, J. author Um, J. author Järvinen, Emma author Schnaiter, M. author Gettelman, Andrew author Sanchez, K. J. author McCluskey, Christina S. author Russell, L. M. author McCoy, I. L. author Atlas, R. L. author Bardeen, Charles author Moore, K. A. author Hill, T. C. J. author Humphries, R. S. author Keywood, M. D. author Ristovski, Z. author Cravigan, L. author Schofield, R. author Fairall, C. author Mallet, M. D. author Kreidenweis, S. M. author Rainwater, B. author D'Alessandro, J. author Wang, Y. author Wu, W. author Saliba, G. author Levin, E. J. T. author Ding, S. author Lang, F. author Truong, S. C. H. author Wolff, Cory author Haggerty, Julie A. author Harvey, M. J. author Klekociuk, A. R. author McDonald, A. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Weather and climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in simulating Southern Ocean (SO) radiative fluxes that trace to a poor understanding of cloud, aerosol, precipitation, and radiative processes, and their interactions. Projects between 2016 and 2018 used in situ probes, radar, lidar, and other instruments to make comprehensive measurements of thermodynamics, surface radiation, cloud, precipitation, aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and ice nucleating particles over the SO cold waters, and in ubiquitous liquid and mixed-phase clouds common to this pristine environment. Data including soundings were collected from the NSF-NCAR G-V aircraft flying north-south gradients south of Tasmania, at Macquarie Island, and on the R/V Investigator and RSV Aurora Australis. Synergistically these data characterize boundary layer and free troposphere environmental properties, and represent the most comprehensive data of this type available south of the oceanic polar front, in the cold sector of SO cyclones, and across seasons. Results show largely pristine environments with numerous small and few large aerosols above cloud, suggesting new particle formation and limited long-range transport from continents, high variability in CCN and cloud droplet concentrations, and ubiquitous supercooled water in thin, multilayered clouds, often with small-scale generating cells near cloud top. These observations demonstrate how cloud properties depend on aerosols while highlighting the importance of dynamics and turbulence that likely drive heterogeneity of cloud phase. Satellite retrievals confirmed low clouds were responsible for radiation biases. The combination of models and observations is examining how aerosols and meteorology couple to control SO water and energy budgets. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2021 American Meteorological Society (AMS). None eng geoscientificInformation