edu.ucar.opensky::articles:12595 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-26T03:45:46.652195 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7pn96g2 Observed hazards to aircraft in deep summertime convective clouds from 4-7 km 2013-05-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7pn96g2 https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C032057 Honomichl, Shawn B. author Detwiler, A. author Smith, P. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Data from flights by the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology's North American T-28 storm-penetrating aircraft during nine different research projects conducted between 1991 and 2003 are analyzed. These flights, usually flown during the summer months in the central and high plains in the United States, targeted regions of convective storms containing vigorous updrafts, downdrafts, and precipitation, including hail. Observations indicate that three of the most hazardous components of flying in summertime deep convective clouds are aircraft icing, turbulence from strong vertical wind gradients, and hail. There is also a smaller, but still important, threat from lightning. Statistics of the observations show that at any given time there is approximately a 10% probability of encountering severe icing conditions, approximately a 0.1% probability of encountering extreme turbulence, and approximately a 0.2% probability of encountering hail with mean diameter 2.5 cm or greater within convective clouds in the 4-7 km mean sea level altitude range. The purpose of this study is to analyze the convective environments under which these hazards occur in order to provide reference and/or guidance for conditions that might be encountered within summertime convective clouds by aircraft. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2013 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics None eng geoscientificInformation