edu.ucar.opensky::articles:27256 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T18:48:01.808286 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7hd80wm Evaluation of lightning flash rate parameterizations in a cloud-resolved WRF-Chem simulation of the 29–30 May 2012 Oklahoma severe supercell system observed during DC3 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7hd80wm https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039492 Cummings, K. A. author Pickering, K. E. author Barth, Mary author Bela, M. M. author Li, Y. author Allen, D. author Bruning, E. author MacGorman, D. R. author Ziegler, C. L. author Biggerstaff, M. I. author Fuchs, B. author Davis, T. author Carey, L. author Mecikalski, R. M. author Finney, D. L. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Eighteen lightning flash rate parameterization schemes (FRPSs) were investigated in a Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry cloud-resolved simulation of the 29-30 May 2012 supercell storm system observed during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. Most of the observed storm's meteorological conditions were well represented when the model simulation included both convective damping and lightning data assimilation techniques. Newly-developed FRPSs based on DC3 radar observations and Lightning Mapping Array data are implemented in the model, along with previously developed schemes from the literature. The schemes are based on relationships between lightning and various kinematic, structural, and microphysical thunderstorm characteristics (e.g., cloud top height, hydrometeors, reflectivity, and vertical velocity) available in the model. The results suggest the model-simulated graupel and snow/ice hydrometeors require scaling factors to more closely represent proxy observations. The model-simulated lightning flash trends and total flashes generated by each scheme over the simulation period are compared with observations from the central Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array. For this supercell system, 13 of the 18 schemes overpredicted flashes by >100% with the group of FRPSs based on storm kinematics and structure (particularly updraft volume) performing slightly better than the hydrometeor-based schemes. During the storm's first 4 hr, the upward cloud ice flux FRPS, which is based on the combination of vertical velocity and hydrometeors, well represents the observed total flashes and flash rate trend; while, the updraft volume scheme well represents the observed flash rate peak and subsequent sharp decline in flash rate. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation