edu.ucar.opensky::articles:23892 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T06:42:10.949987 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d72f7rrv The GFDL Earth System Model Version 4.1 (GFDL-ESM 4.1): Overall coupled model description and simulation characteristics 2020-11-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d72f7rrv https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002015 Dunne, J. P. author Horowitz, L. W. author Adcroft, A. J. author Ginoux, P. author Held, I. M. author John, J. G. author Krasting, J. P. author Malyshev, S. author Naik, V. author Paulot, F. author Shevliakova, E. author Stock, C. A. author Zadeh, N. author Balaji, V. author Blanton, C. author Dunne, K. A. author Dupuis, C. author Durachta, J. author Dussin, R. author Gauthier, P. P. G. author Griffies, S. M. author Guo, H. author Hallberg, R. W. author Harrison, M. author He, J. author Hurlin, W. author McHugh, C. author Menzel, Raymond author Milly, P. C. D. author Nikonov, S. author Paynter, D. J. author Ploshay, J. author Radhakrishnan, A. author Rand, K. author Reichl, B. G. author Robinson, T. author Schwarzkopf, D. M. author Sentman, L. T. author Underwood, S. author Vahlenkamp, H. author Winton, M. author Wittenberg, A. T. author Wyman, B. author Zeng, Y. author Zhao, M. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4.1), which builds on component and coupled model developments at GFDL over 2013-2018 for coupled carbon-chemistry-climate simulation contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. In contrast with GFDL's CM4.0 development effort that focuses on ocean resolution for physical climate, ESM4.1 focuses on comprehensiveness of Earth system interactions. ESM4.1 features doubled horizontal resolution of both atmosphere (2 degrees to 1 degrees) and ocean (1 degrees to 0.5 degrees) relative to GFDL's previous-generation coupled ESM2-carbon and CM3-chemistry models. ESM4.1 brings together key representational advances in CM4.0 dynamics and physics along with those in aerosols and their precursor emissions, land ecosystem vegetation and canopy competition, and multiday fire; ocean ecological and biogeochemical interactions, comprehensive land-atmosphere-ocean cycling of CO2, dust and iron, and interactive ocean-atmosphere nitrogen cycling are described in detail across this volume of JAMES and presented here in terms of the overall coupling and resulting fidelity. ESM4.1 provides much improved fidelity in CO2 and chemistry over ESM2 and CM3, captures most of CM4.0's baseline simulations characteristics, and notably improves on CM4.0 in (1) Southern Ocean mode and intermediate water ventilation, (2) Southern Ocean aerosols, and (3) reduced spurious ocean heat uptake. ESM4.1 has reduced transient and equilibrium climate sensitivity compared to CM4.0. Fidelity concerns include (1) moderate degradation in sea surface temperature biases, (2) degradation in aerosols in some regions, and (3) strong centennial scale climate modulation by Southern Ocean convection. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation