edu.ucar.opensky::articles:12956 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-26T03:43:17.821143 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7q2415h A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change 2013-07-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7q2415h https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20022 Abraham, J. author Baringer, M. author Bindoff, N. author Boyer, T. author Cheng, L. author Church, J. author Conroy, J. author Domingues, C. author Fasullo, John T. author Gilson, J. author Goni, G. author Good, S. author Gorman, J. author Gouretski, V. author Ishii, M. author Johnson, G. author Kizu, S. author Lyman, J. author MacDonald, A. author Minkowycz, W. author Moffitt, S. author Palmer, M. author Piola, A. author Reseghetti, F. author Schuckmann, K. author Trenberth, Kevin E. author Velicogna, I. author Willis, J. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity-temperature-depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up-to-date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr−1 with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2013 American Geophysical Union. None eng geoscientificInformation