edu.ucar.opensky::articles:42429 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T18:09:37.135835 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7988cbr https://doi.org/10.5067/SMP50-2TOCS https Related Dataset #1 JPL SMAP Level 2B CAP Sea Surface Salinity V5.0 Validated Dataset Exploring the impact of sea surface temperature and salinity on SMAP excess surface emissivity 2024-08-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7988cbr https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3437238 Saïd, F. author Jelenak, Zorana author Chang, P. S. author Tang, W. author Fore, A. G. author Akins, A. author Yueh, S. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher <p><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">The soil moisture active passive (SMAP) instrument has been used to infer sea surface wind speed from its brightness temperature measurements. To do so, the SMAP wind speed retrieval process requires the removal of sea surface temperature (sst) and sea surface salinity (sss) impact on brightness temperature. Estimating the so-called excess surface emissivity (&nbsp;</span><span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-1"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-2"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-3">Δ</span><span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-4"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-5"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-6">e</span></span></span></span><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"></span></span></nobr></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> </span><span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline-table;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-1"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-2"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-3">Δ</span><span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-4"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-5"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-6">e</span></span></span></span><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"></span></span></nobr></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">), that is the sst normalized difference between the measured brightness temperature of the sea surface and the corresponding brightness temperature of a flat surface, is one way of accomplishing such a task. In this article, we investigate whether SMAP&nbsp;</span><span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-7"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-8"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-9">Δ</span><span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-10"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-11"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-12">e</span></span></span></span><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"></span></span></nobr></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> contains residual dependencies to sst and sss. To do so, v5.0 SMAP brightness temperature measurements, derived by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, are used. For any fixed numerical weather prediction model wind speed above 15 m/s, down to a 20% decrease in SMAP&nbsp;</span><span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-13"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-14"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-15">Δ</span><span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-16"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-17"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-18">e</span></span></span></span><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"></span></span></nobr></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> is observed as the sst increases from 274 to 304 K. For any fixed wind speed between 8 and 15 m/s, the sst residual dependence is weaker with SMAP&nbsp;</span><span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-19"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-20"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-21">Δ</span><span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-22"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-23"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-24">e</span></span></span></span><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"></span></span></nobr></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> exhibiting a 1%–2% decrease as the sst increases. Below 8 m/s, this pattern becomes prevalent again, when the significant wave height (Hs) is greater than 3.5 m. SMAP&nbsp;</span><span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-25"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-26"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-27">Δ</span><span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-28"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-29"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-30">e</span></span></span></span><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"></span></span></nobr></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> decreases as much as 50% with increasing sss, most notably below 8 and above 15 m/s when Hs is considered. This analysis has also shown that below 8 m/s and for swell dominant seas, a decrease in either sss or sst results in a decrease in SMAP&nbsp;</span><span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-31"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-32"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-33">Δ</span><span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-34"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-35"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-36">e</span></span></span></span><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"></span></span></nobr></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:&quot;HelveticaNeue Regular&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> sensitivity to wind-induced sea surface roughness.</span></p> UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;" data-sheets-root="1">Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</span> None eng geoscientificInformation