edu.ucar.opensky::articles:43203 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T17:48:42.807008 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d73x8c2v https://doi.org/10.17882/42182 https Related Dataset #1 Argo float data and metadata from Global Data Assembly Centre (Argo GDAC) https://doi.org/10.17882/46219 https Related Dataset #2 CORA, Coriolis Ocean Dataset for Reanalysis https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6860a573 https Related Dataset #3 ERA5 monthly averaged data on pressure levels from 1940 to present https://doi.org/10.25423/CMCC/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004_E3R1 https Related Dataset #4 Mediterranean Sea Physical Reanalysis (CMEMS MED-Currents, E3R1 system) https://doi.org/10.25423/cmcc/medsea_multiyear_phy_006_004_e3r1i https Related Dataset #5 Mediterranean Sea Physical Reanalysis INTERIM (CMEMS MED-Currents, E3R1i system) https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00165 https Related Dataset #6 Global Ocean OSTIA Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00168 https Related Dataset #7 Global Ocean OSTIA Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Reprocessed Record high temperatures in the ocean in 2024 2025-06-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d73x8c2v https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-025-4541-3 Cheng, L. author Abraham, J. author Trenberth, Kevin E. author Reagan, J. author Zhang, H. author Storto, A. author Von Schuckmann, K. author Pan, Y. author Zhu, Y. author Mann, M. E. author Zhu, J. author Wang, F. author Yu, F. author Locarnini, R. author Fasullo, John T. author Huang, B. author Graham, G. author Yin, X. author Gouretski, V. author Zheng, F. author Li, Y. author Zhang, B. author Wan, L. author Chen, X. author Wang, D. author Feng, L. author Song, X. author Liu, Y. author Reseghetti, F. author Simoncelli, S. author Chen, G. author Zhang, R. author Mishonov, A. author Tan, Z. author Wei, W. author Yuan, H. author Li, G. author Ren, Q. author Cao, L. author Lu, Y. author Du, J. author Lyu, K. author Sulaiman, A. author Mayer, M. author Wang, H. author Ma, Z. author Bao, S. author Yan, H. author Liu, Z. author Yang, C. author Liu, X. author Hausfather, Z. author Szekely, T. author Gues, F. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Heating in the ocean has continued in 2024 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, despite the transition from an El Niño to neutral conditions. In 2024, both global sea surface temperature (SST) and upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) reached unprecedented highs in the historical record. The 0–2000 m OHC in 2024 exceeded that of 2023 by 16 ± 8 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules, with a 95% confidence interval) (IAP/CAS data), which is confirmed by two other data products: 18 ± 7 ZJ (CIGAR-RT reanalysis data) and 40 ± 31 ZJ (Copernicus Marine data, updated to November 2024). The Indian Ocean, tropical Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean also experienced record-high OHC values in 2024. The global SST continued its record-high values from 2023 into the first half of 2024, and declined slightly in the second half of 2024, resulting in an annual mean of 0.61°C ± 0.02°C (IAP/CAS data) above the 1981–2010 baseline, slightly higher than the 2023 annual-mean value (by 0.07°C ± 0.02°C for IAP/CAS, 0.05°C ± 0.02°C for NOAA/NCEI, and 0.06°C ± 0.11°C for Copernicus Marine). The record-high values of 2024 SST and OHC continue to indicate unabated trends of global heating. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication <style type="text/css"></style><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;" data-sheets-root="1">Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</span> None eng geoscientificInformation