edu.ucar.opensky::articles:25484 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T22:47:33.208846 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7rf5zrs https://doi.org/10.5067/8JKNEW6BFRVD https Related Dataset #1 Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project Digital Elevation Model, Version 2 Observed and modeled mountain waves from the surface to the mesosphere near the Drake Passage 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7rf5zrs https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0252.1 Kruse, C. G. author Alexander, M. J. author Hoffmann, L. author Van Niekerk, A. author Polichtchouk, I. author Bacmeister, Julio author Holt, L. author Plougonven, R. author Šácha, P. author Wright, C. author Sato, K. author SHIBUYA, R. author Gisinger, S. author Ern, M. author Meyer, C. I. author Stein, O. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Four state-of-the-science numerical weather prediction (NWP) models were used to perform mountain wave (MW)-resolving hindcasts over the Drake Passage of a 10-day period in 2010 with numerous observed MW cases. The Integrated Forecast System (IFS) and the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model were run at Delta x approximate to 9 and 13 km globally. TheWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and the Met Office Unified Model (UM) were both configured with a Dx 5 3-km regional domain. All domains had tops near 1 Pa (z approximate to 80 km). These deep domains allowed quantitative validation against Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) observations, accounting for observation time, viewing geometry, and radiative transfer. All models reproduced observed middle-atmosphere MWs with remarkable skill. Increased horizontal resolution improved validations. Still, all models underrepresented observed MW amplitudes, even after accounting for model effective resolution and instrument noise, suggesting even at Delta x approximate to 3-km resolution, small-scale MWs are underresolved and/ or overdiffused. MWdrag parameterizations are still necessary in NWP models at current operational resolutions of Delta x approximate to 10 km. Upper GW sponge layers in the operationally configured models significantly, artificially reduced MW amplitudes in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. In the IFS, parameterized GW drags partly compensated this deficiency, but still, total drags were approximate to 6 times smaller than that resolved at Delta x approximate to 3 km. Meridionally propagating MWs significantly enhance zonal drag over the Drake Passage. Interestingly, drag associated with meridional fluxes of zonal momentum (i.e., (u'v') over bar) were important; not accounting for these terms results in a drag in the wrong direction at and below the polar night jet. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2022 American Meteorological Society None eng geoscientificInformation