edu.ucar.opensky::articles:27070 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T18:59:22.614988 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d71c2218 Global Carbon Budget 2023 2023-12-05T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d71c2218 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023 Friedlingstein, P. author O'Sullivan, M. author Jones, M. W. author Andrew, R. M. author Bakker, D. C. E. author Hauck, J. author Landschützer, P. author Le Quéré, C. author Luijkx, I. T. author Peters, G. P. author Peters, W. author Pongratz, J. author Schwingshackl, C. author Sitch, S. author Canadell, J. G. author Ciais, P. author Jackson, R. B. author Alin, S. R. author Anthoni, P. author Barbero, L. author Bates, N. R. author Becker, M. author Bellouin, N. author Decharme, B. author Bopp, L. author Brasika, I. B. M. author Cadule, P. author Chamberlain, M. A. author Chandra, N. author Chau, T. author Chevallier, F. author Chini, L. P. author Cronin, M. author Dou, X. author Enyo, K. author Evans, W. author Falk, S. author Feely, R. A. author Feng, L. author Ford, D. J. author Gasser, T. author Ghattas, J. author Gkritzalis, T. author Grassi, G. author Gregor, L. author Gruber, N. author Gürses, Ö. author Harris, I. author Hefner, M. author Heinke, J. author Houghton, R. A. author Hurtt, G. C. author Iida, Y. author Ilyina, T. author Jacobson, A. R. author Jain, A. author Jarníková, T. author Jersild, A. author Jiang, F. author Jin, Z. author Joos, F. author Kato, E. author Keeling, R. F. author Kennedy, Daniel author Klein Goldewijk, K. author Knauer, J. author Korsbakken, J. I. author Körtzinger, A. author Lan, X. author Lefèvre, N. author Li, H. author Liu, J. author Liu, Z. author Ma, L. author Marland, G. author Mayot, N. author McGuire, P. C. author McKinley, G. A. author Meyer, G. author Morgan, E. J. author Munro, D. R. author Nakaoka, S. author Niwa, Y. author O'Brien, K. M. author Olsen, A. author Omar, A. M. author Ono, T. author Paulsen, M. author Pierrot, D. author Pocock, K. author Poulter, B. author Powis, C. M. author Rehder, G. author Resplandy, L. author Robertson, E. author Rödenbeck, C. author Rosan, T. M. author Schwinger, J. author Séférian, R. author Smallman, T. L. author Smith, S. M. author Sospedra-Alfonso, R. author Sun, Q. author Sutton, A. J. author Sweeney, C. author Takao, S. author Tans, P. P. author Tian, H. author Tilbrook, B. author Tsujino, H. author Tubiello, F. author van der Werf, G. R. author van Ooijen, E. author Wanninkhof, R. author Watanabe, M. author Wimart-Rousseau, C. author Yang, D. author Yang, X. author Yuan, W. author Yue, X. author Zaehle, S. author Zeng, J. author Zheng, B. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (E-FOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (E-LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G(ATM)) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (S-OCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO(2) products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (S-LAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B-IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. For the year 2022, EFOS increased by 0.9 % relative to 2021, with fossil emissions at 9.9±0.5 Gt C yr−1 (10.2±0.5 Gt C yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and ELUC was 1.2±0.7 Gt C yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1±0.8 Gt C yr−1 (40.7±3.2 Gt CO2 yr−1). Also, for 2022, GATM was 4.6±0.2 Gt C yr−1 (2.18±0.1 ppm yr−1; ppm denotes parts per million), SOCEAN was 2.8±0.4 Gt C yr−1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 Gt C yr−1, with a BIM of −0.1 Gt C yr−1 (i.e. total estimated sources marginally too low or sinks marginally too high). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2022 reached 417.1±0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2023 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2022 of +1.1 % (0.0 % to 2.1 %) globally and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 419.3 ppm, 51 % above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2022, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 Gt C yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). 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