edu.ucar.opensky::articles:21168 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T16:11:00.792302 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d77d2xqs https://doi.org/10.17617/3.11 https Related CreativeWork #1 SATIRE-M reconstruction of spectral solar irradiance over the Holocene. https://doi.org/10.7289/V51J97P6 https Related Dataset #1 NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) of Solar Spectral Irradiance (SSI), NRLSSI Version 2 https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/eVolv2k_v2 https Related Dataset #2 Reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth, 500 BCE to 1900 CE, version 2 The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 - Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 past 1000 simulations 2017-11-07T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d77d2xqs https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4005-2017 Jungclaus, J. H. author Bard, E. author Baroni, M. author Braconnot, P. author Cao, J. author Chini, L. P. author Egorova, T. author Evans, M. author González-Rouco, J. F. author Goosse, H. author Hurtt, G. C. author Joos, F. author Kaplan, J. O. author Khodri, M. author Klein Goldewijk, K. author Krivova, N. author LeGrande, A. N. author Lorenz, S. J. author Luterbacher, J. author Man, W. author Maycock, A. C. author Meinshausen, M. author Moberg, A. author Muscheler, R. author Nehrbass-Ahles, C. author Otto-Bliesner, Bette author Phipps, S. J. author Pongratz, J. author Rozanov, E. author Schmidt, G. A. author Schmidt, H. author Schmutz, W. author Schurer, A. author Shapiro, A. I. author Sigl, M. author Smerdon, J. E. author Solanki, S. K. author Timmreck, C. author Toohey, M. author Usoskin, I. G. author Wagner, S. author Wu, C. author Yeo, K. L. author Zanchettin, D. author Zhang, Q. author Zorita, E. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher The pre-industrial millennium is among the periods selected by the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP) for experiments contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and the fourth phase of the PMIP (PMIP4). The past1000 transient simulations serve to investigate the response to (mainly) natural forcing under background conditions not too different from today, and to discriminate between forced and internally generated variability on interannual to centennial timescales. This paper describes the motivation and the experimental set-ups for the PMIP4-CMIP6 past1000 simulations, and discusses the forcing agents orbital, solar, volcanic, and land use/land cover changes, and variations in greenhouse gas concentrations. The past1000 simulations covering the pre-industrial millennium from 850 Common Era (CE) to 1849 CE have to be complemented by historical simulations (1850 to 2014 CE) following the CMIP6 protocol. The external forcings for the past1000 experiments have been adapted to provide a seamless transition across these time periods. Protocols for the past1000 simulations have been divided into three tiers. A default forcing data set has been defined for the Tier 1 (the CMIP6 past1000) experiment. However, the PMIP community has maintained the flexibility to conduct coordinated sensitivity experiments to explore uncertainty in forcing reconstructions as well as parameter uncertainty in dedicated Tier 2 simulations. Additional experiments (Tier 3) are defined to foster collaborative model experiments focusing on the early instrumental period and to extend the temporal range and the scope of the simulations. This paper outlines current and future research foci and common analyses for collaborative work between the PMIP and the observational communities (reconstructions, instrumental data). UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. None eng geoscientificInformation