edu.ucar.opensky::articles:22455 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T15:36:12.111178 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7df6v8j https://doi.org/10.5067/O57VAIT2AYYY https Related Dataset #1 Polar Pathfinder Daily 25 km EASE-Grid Sea Ice Motion Vectors, Version 3 Essential gaps and uncertainties in the understanding of the roles and functions of Arctic sea ice 2019-04-04T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7df6v8j https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab09b3 Gerland, S. author Barber, D. author Meier, W. author Mundy, C. J. author Holland, Marika M. author Kern, S. author Li, Z. author Michel, C. author Perovich, D. K. author Tamura, T. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher While Arctic sea ice is changing, new observation methods are developed and process understanding improves, whereas gaps in observations and understanding evolve. Some previous gaps are filled, while others remain, or come up new. Knowing about the status of observation and knowledge gaps is important for interpreting observation and research results, interpretation and use of key climate indicators, and for research and observation planning. This paper deals with identifying some of the important current gaps connected to Arctic sea ice and related climate indicators, including their role and functions in the sea ice and climate systems. Subtopics that are discussed here include Arctic seaice extent, concentration, and thickness, sea-ice thermodynamics, age and dynamic processes, and biological implications of changing sea ice. Among crucial gaps are few in situ observations during the winter season, limited observational data on snow and ice thickness from the Arctic Basin, and wide gaps in biological rate measurements in or under sea ice. There is a need to develop or improve analyses and products of remote sensing, especially for new sensors and technology such as remotely operated vehicles. Potential gaps in observations are inevitably associated with interruptions in long-term observational time series due to sensor failure or cuts in observation programmes. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2019 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. None eng geoscientificInformation