The intensity- and size-dependent response of tropical cyclones to increasing vertical wind shear

This study describes a set of idealized simulations in which westerly vertical wind shear increases from 3 to 15 m s(-1) at different stages in the life cycle of an intensifying tropical cyclone (TC). The TC response to increasing shear depends on the intensity and size of the TC's tangential wind field when shear starts to increase. For a weak tropical storm, increasing shear decouples the vortex and prevents intensification. For category 1 and stronger storms, increasing shear causes a period of weakening during which vortex tilt increases by 10-30 km before the TCs reach a near-steady category 1-3 intensity at the end of the simulations. TCs exposed to increasing shear during or just after rapid intensification tend to weaken the most. Backward trajectories reveal a lateral ventilation pathway between 8- and 11-km altitude that is capable of reducing equivalent potential temperature in the inner core of these TCs by nearly 2 degrees C. In addition, these TCs exhibit large reductions in diabatic heating inside the radius of maximum winds (RMW) and lower-entropy air parcels entering downshear updrafts from the boundary layer, which further contributes to their substantial weakening. The TCs exposed to increasing shear after rapid intensification and an expansion of the outer wind field reach the strongest near-steady intensity long after the shear increases because of strong vertical coupling that prevents the development of large vortex tilt, resistance to lateral ventilation through a deep layer of the middle troposphere, and robust diabatic heating within the RMW.