Modulation of thermospheric circulation by lower‐thermospheric winter‐to‐summer circulation: The atmosphere gear effect

This study investigates the impact of the lower‐thermospheric winter‐to‐summer circulation on the thermosphere's thermal structure and meridional circulation. Using NCAR TIE‐GCM, we compare simulations with and without the lower‐thermospheric circulation, finding that its inclusion enhances summer‐to‐winter thermospheric circulation by 40% in the summer hemisphere but decelerates it in the winter thermosphere. Meanwhile, vertical wind exhibits stronger upward motion poleward of latitude above hPa (174 km) when lower‐thermospheric circulation is incorporated. This dynamic coupling functions as an atmospheric “gear mechanism,” accelerating momentum and energy transfer to higher altitudes. Including lower‐thermospheric circulation improves agreement between the nudged run and NRLMSIS 2.1 in intra‐annual variability (IAV) of mass density. This suggests lower‐thermospheric circulation is a key factor in modulating IAV in the coupled thermosphere‐ionosphere system. This study reveals a new coupling mechanism between the lower atmosphere, thermosphere, and ionosphere, with significant implications for understanding upper‐atmospheric dynamics and improving space weather models.